Key Terms
The CARE principles (Collective Benefit, Authority to Control, Responsibility and Ethics) were formulated by Stephanie Russo Carroll, Ibrahim Garba, Oscar L. Figueroa-Rodriguez and other members of the Research Data Alliance's International Indigenous Data Sovereignty Interest Group, in order to help navigate the tension between 1) protecting Indigenous rights and interests in Indigenous data, and 2) supporting open data. The CARE principles build on a tradition of advocacy for Indigenous Peoples' sovereign rights, and assert that
- the use of Indigenous data must yield collective benefit for Indigenous Peoples
- the authority to control who has access to Indigenous data must lie with Indigenous Peoples
- those who use Indigenous data must recognize their responsibility to build reciprocal relationships with the communities from which the data derive, and
- the use of Indigenous data must occur in a fundamentally ethical framework.
The FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) were formalized by Mark D. Wilkinson, Michael Dumontier, IJsbrand Jan Aalbersberg and other participants at the 'Jointly Designing a Data Fairport' Workshop in Leiden, Netherlands, 2014. These data-centric principles assert that data should be easily findable and described with rich metadata, universally accessible and free to use, interoperable among different data ecosystems, and able to be reused for future scientific analysis.
The Quaternary period is the geological time in which we find ourselves now. The Quaternary period began with the Pleistocene epoch 2.58 million years ago. An ice age, the Quaternary period is characterized by long cold glacial phases interrupted by short warm interglacial phases. Our current epoch, the holocene (11,700 years ago to present), is the latest of these short interglacial phases.